Software Patent/Copyright Issues in the PRC (People’s Republic of China) :: Software Technology China Essays

Software Patent/Copyright Issues in the Peoples Republic of China Introduction This paper is an analytical essay on global ethical issues on software intellectual property in China. It will focus on the software patent and copyright issues that are rife in the PRC (Peoples Republic of China, including Taiwan (R.O.C. Republic of China), and Hong Kong). The paper will let in personal experiences encountered in this region of the world. In addition, it will include an in-depth analysis on the topic with industry and academic references to defend a particular moral/ethical position, in which software piracy may have the appearance _or_ semblance a part of the Chinese culture but is clearly ethically unacceptable. BackgroundInformation technology is a key driver in the globalization and growth of the world economy. The total worldwide package software merchandise has been estimated at over $135 billion 1. Piracy causes significant loss internationally. consort to the Software Publishers Association (SPA), the worldwide revenues of business-based PC applications were over $17.2 billion. The piracy rate in China ranked amongst the highest at 96 percent. Software has the distinctive characteristics of digital proficients it is expensive to produce for the first copy (high-fixed costs) and inexpensive to reproduce and distribute for subsequent copies (very low, approaching zero, variable costs). These characteristics make it similar to a public good in that sharing it with others does not reduce the consumption utility of the product.One of the main causes for software entertainment copyright issues in China is that there is a huge imbalance between the peoples demand for filmed entertainment and its constrained legitimate supply. The government quotas severely limit import and dispersal of films and television shows, cable television offers a sparse selection of entertainment programming options, and modern cinema screens are in short supply. Hence, the black market has emerged to meet this need that would otherwise go largely unfilled. 9 In addition, software piracy is big business with a lot of money at stake. selling pirated goods at huge volumes make piracy highly profitable. And in a job-hungry economy, piracy creates hundreds of thousands of jobs that the government may be reluctant to threaten with more squiffy anti-piracy measures. 9 Personal ExperienceIn the last five years, I have had the opportunity to travel to China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan, three times. Sure enough, a common theme in all three of these geographies is being able to buy pirated goods for cheap.

The Physics of Cooling Techniques :: thermodynamics physics refrigerator

There are many reasons for wanting to cool things, exactly whatever the reason, the Second Law of Thermodynamics dictates that cooling something will take effort (sorry, no spontaneously cool sodas). Different techniques experience been developed to address this issue, for each one having its own limitations and ideal uses. The most commonly used method of cooling is with vapor-compression cycles, because it is fairly easy to construct a cooling device employing this method and the toll is low. In fact, conventional refrigerators use this method of cooling to keep your leftovers and drinks chilled Air conditioners also employ a vapor-compression cycle to cool the ambient air temperature in a room. Basically, vapor-compression refrigeration employs a heat engine run backwards, so heat energy is taken from a snappy reservoir and deposited into a furious reservoir. By the Second Law of Thermodynamics, heat energy does not spontaneously transfer from a cold to a hot reser voir. In order to have heat transfer in that direction (and not from from hot to cold, as the system is naturally inclined to do), it is necessary to do work on the system. Vapor-Compression refrigeration Cycle This refrigeration cycle is approximately a Rankine cycle run in reverse. A working fluid (often called the refrigerant) is pushed through the system and undergoes state changes (from suave to gas and back). The latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant is used to transfer large amounts of heat energy, and changes in pressure are used to control when the refrigerant expels or absorbs heat energy. However, for a refrigeration cycle that has a hot reservoir at around room temperature (or a bit higher) and a cold reservoir that is desired to be at around 34F, the boiling point of the refrigerant needs to be fairly low. Thus, various fluids have been identify as practical refrigerants. The most common include ammonia, Freon (and other chlorofluorocarbo n refrigerants, aka CFCs), and HFC-134a (a non-toxic hydrofluorocarbon). Stages of the Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle The Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle is comprised of four steps. The conceptual figure of the accomplish shows the PV changes during each part.Part 1 Compression In this stage, the refrigerant enters the compressor as a gas under low pressure and having a low temperature.

The Humanistic View :: essays research papers

During the renaissance, humanism was a philosophy that was char take onerized by its blending of the concern of the history and actions of all human beings, and their decide in the world, with religious tariff. Prior to renaissance thinking, medieval Europe considered life to be sinful and should despised, and that people should completely be concerned about their duty to God.Writers of the renaissance time period expressed their opinions about human nature and humans role in the universe through their writings. Alberti, whose work includes, On the Family, emphases the importants of self-worth and education. He writes, If one wishes to gain praise and fame, he must abhor idleness and laziness and oppose them as deadly foes. Basically Alberti says, is that if a soulfulness goes about their everyday life without the desire for education, therefore, that person is useless to their community.Bruni, Castiglione, and Pico take humanism a step further. Unlike Alberti, they stress the importants of self-appearance. They believe men should act like a gentlemen, speak softly and be stern with their words, but also at the same time be war ready. From the Book of the Courtier, Castiglione writes, where of I think the first should be to handle every sort of weapon well on foot and on horse, understand the advantages of each, and especially to be long-familiar with those weapons that are ordinary used among gentleman, what he is saying is that a man during this time should be skilled to fight and he should also spot his weapons. For a woman, basically its the same thing as a man, with two exceptions. The first exception is that if a woman, who is out in public, and engaged in a conversion she knows nonhing about, for her sake she should not comment on anything. And the second exception is that if a woman when speaking, should be very careful not to show how smart she is or how she may have had a better up bringing than a man.Dante and the humanist have many things in commons such as they both like the classic styles of writing from ancient Greece and Rome, they both have praised the importants of a higher education in their works. But the only thing I see Dante differing from the humanist is the focus of God in their life. , Dantes relationship with God is evident in his writing, which portrays the experience of a deeply attached Christian.

The Twenties And Thirties :: essays research papers

The twenties and the thirties were very unusual time periodsin American History. Insome ways they are alike, but in most ways they arevery different. The twenties were a time of frolic and partying. This is probablythe reason it is called the Roaring Twenties. All of the thirtieswere knownas The Great Depression. It was probably called that because of the stockmarketcollapse and the millions of pile without jobs.In the twenties, labor took a very big step. The automotive industry was the largestindustrythere was. The assembly line made mass production possible, and the industryboomed. Henry get acrosss assembly line, located in Detroit, Michigan, was thelargest one in the country andpossibly in the world. When Ford first startedmaking cars, the only car he made was a blackModel-T. Almost everybody inthe United States had a car. Three-out-of-four families ownedone or morecars. With the assembly line they made a lot more cars in one day than theydidbefore. Instead of paying for the cars with cash, people could now usecredit to purchase items. Since most families didnt consume the money, theywould buy the car with credit and pay off thedebt later.The thirties wasa bad time for the automotive industry. By now Ford had made aModel-A andhad three new colors tan, purple and black. All of the companies were makingmorecars than they could sell. Nobody had enough money to buy a car because ofall of thebanks sledding under. Millions of people lost whole fortunes. Sinceno one had the money for a car,the cars were not being sold. This causeda big problem. The dealers were very optimistic. Theycontinued to make carshoping that gross sales would go up.The new credit law was a wonderful idea. It allowed people to purchase items like atelevision or radio. The inventionof the radio unite the nation. The news that was heard on theradio washeard by everyone that had a radio. It was the best form of entertainmentof its time. Soon thereafter, the television was invented. Onc e again peopletook advantage of the credit andpurchased televisions. The television stilldid not take place of the radio. The radio was still usedfor listening tomusic. Many people were spending more money than they had.Even in the thirtiesthe radio and television were top forms of entertainment. Although,somepeople did not have these accessories, they could still go the movies if theyhad the money. In the thirties, everyone watched a lot of television andlistened to the radio. In contrast to thetwenties, the thirties were very

Democracy to Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord Flies Ess

Democracy to Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a novel that represents a microcosm of society in a tale about children stranded on an island. Of the group of young boys there are two who neediness to lead for the duration of their stay, Jack and Ralph. Through the opposing characters of Jack and Ralph, Golding reveals the gradual process from democracy to dictatorship from Ralphs democratic election to his lack of law enforcement to Jacks unforgiving rule and his violent law enforcement. Upon the arrival of the boys to the island Jack immediately found himself in the center of a power struggle. Although the conflict was brief, there was still a very obvious confrontation between Jack and Ralph. Once the boys had assembled themselves there was an election to see who was to be chief. Despite the fact that Ralph was voted leader, the desire to be in command never left Jack. Jack already had some leadership skills, being head choirboy at his old school, and he continuously challenged Ralph. The greatest consultation of conflict between Jack and Ralph was the debate over the necessity of maintaining a fire. Ralph felt that it was necessary to keep it burning at all times maculation Jack believed that hunting pigs and getting meat was much more essential. Ralph was elected shortly after their arrival to the island, but his time in power came to completion quite gradually. He tried to run his group through a democratic type system in which all major decision were eldest discussed at an assembly before they were put into action. At these assemblies his views were questioned not only by Jack, but by the other boys as well. Even the ideas that the assembly could harbor on usually werent pu... ...rd. Lord of the Flies. By William Golding. New York Berkley, 1954. Gunton, Sharon R., ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 17. Detroit Gale, 1981. 68 vols. Magill, Frank N., ed. Masterplots. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs n.p ., 1949. 3 vols. Comments 1. Your paper could take for been stronger had you used more quotes. to each one time you make a specific point concerning the novel, you should back up your point by using a specific quote from that novel. That port your readers have proof that your point is valid. 2. Also when quoting you must always place in parentheses the name of the author and the page on which the quote can be found. This way your readers can look up the quotes for themselves. 3. Quotation marks () should be uses to surround the whole quote while apostrophes () should be used to surround inner speeches of quotes.

Democracy to Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord Flies Ess

Democracy to Dictatorship in Lord of the Flies Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a novel that represents a microcosm of society in a tale about children stranded on an island. Of the group of young boys there are two who want to lead for the duration of their stay, Jack and Ralph. Through the opposing characters of Jack and Ralph, Golding reveals the gradual process from democracy to dictatorship from Ralphs democratic election to his lack of law enforcement to Jacks stern rule and his violent law enforcement. Upon the arrival of the boys to the island Jack immediately found himself in the center of a power struggle. Although the conflict was brief, there was still a very obvious confrontation between Jack and Ralph. Once the boys had assembled themselves there was an election to see who was to be chief. Despite the fact that Ralph was voted leader, the desire to be in command never left Jack. Jack already had some leadership skills, being head choirboy at his old school , and he continuously challenged Ralph. The greatest antecedent of conflict between Jack and Ralph was the debate over the necessity of maintaining a fire. Ralph felt that it was necessary to keep it burning at all times man Jack believed that hunting pigs and getting meat was much more essential. Ralph was elected shortly after their arrival to the island, but his time in power came to stop quite gradually. He tried to run his group through a democratic type system in which all major decision were introductory discussed at an assembly before they were put into action. At these assemblies his views were questioned not only by Jack, but by the other boys as well. Even the ideas that the assembly could approve on usually werent pu... ...rd. Lord of the Flies. By William Golding. New York Berkley, 1954. Gunton, Sharon R., ed. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 17. Detroit Gale, 1981. 68 vols. Magill, Frank N., ed. Masterplots. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs n.p., 1949. 3 vols. Comments 1. Your paper could withdraw been stronger had you used more quotes. separately time you make a specific point concerning the novel, you should back up your point by using a specific quote from that novel. That air your readers have proof that your point is valid. 2. Also when quoting you must always place in parentheses the name of the author and the page on which the quote can be found. This way your readers can look up the quotes for themselves. 3. Quotation marks () should be uses to surround the whole quote while apostrophes () should be used to surround inner speeches of quotes.

Psychology-1 Parenthood Analysis

Raising his only daughter, patty, to be a entire human is Nathan Huffners goal. He is in denial slightly his attitude towards raising his daughter he said that he just valued Patty to learn more than other kids do but the honor is he wants Patty to be his source of achievement he is proud that his barbarian is a genius and for that, he feeds his pride. He trained his daughter to be so intelligent, to be not only solid at everything but be the best at everything. He taught his daughter things that even some adults screwingt do.His daughter never had a line up to complain abtaboo the things that was being taught to her because she was so little to understand that her life was not the life of an median(a) little girl. Nathan Huffner concentrated so much close his childs intellectual learning. He even refused to have another baby because he wanted to concentrate on Pattys above normal development because of that, his wife was so disappointed but she tooshiet show wholly her anger to her husband thats why he just displace her disappointment on eating and filling her appetite. He didnt let his child to enjoy her life as a child.He just fed Patty with knowledge and other complicated things and never let her feel the tincture of what a normal little girl should feel. That made him an authoritarian parent the one that discourages expressions of disagreement. He has strict standards he wants Patty to be a perfect human. As a result, Patty was unsociable with other children. She was unfriendly to others. She was withdrawn and was acting and reacting weird to situations that seems normal to other children (an example is the thumb magic of Gil to the children others had play with that magic while Patty screamed and ran away.Maybe thats because of too many scientific facts in her head that made her think that that magic was disgusting. ) Another picture show that showed Patty being different from other children was in the party of Kevin she saw a boy turning around and around, she asked her obtain what was the boy doing, that means that Patty was unable to do the things that a normal child experiences, which is doing silly things and enjoying those silly things. Frank Buckman was a permissive father for Larry Buckman. He was ever supportive on his son even though he knows that Larry is involved in some illegal scams for easy and fast money. on that point was even a point in the movie that Larry had to pay a large amount of money or else he will be killed. Frank was disappointed with Larry but he wants to assist him because he loves him so much. He wanted to bail out Larry by using the car that he loved so much for the crime he did. As a result, Larry has a low self ascendency and was dependent to his father. He thinks that its alright to do bad things because his father will perpetually be supportive to him. He even had a baby with a show girl in Las Vegas that shows how low his self control was. Yet, he was an unaffectionate par ent to his other kids.All his attention was on Larry that he was now emotionally detached to Gil and the others. Although his like that, it was then revealed that he also loved Gil. plainly instead of showing love, he showed the exact opposite of it. He used reaction formation. Showing love provokes anxiety on Frank because he incessantly saw himself as a tough guy. He didnt like showing a soft side of him. Also, Frank is in denial that he dislike Gil because he taught that he had polio but he is covering his feelings towards his son because love provokes anxiety on him. Larry Buckman was concentrated to his illegal schemes for him to get easy and quick money.He had a bi-racial son named cool it who was the fruit of his affair with a showgirl in Las Vegas. Larry was a negligent parent. He doesnt really care for feeble as long as the child is fed, his child has a house to stay on he thinks that his responsibility is done. He had his family take care of Cool because he knows tha t his father will support him all the way. As a result, Cool became an indifferent kid. He was always inside the house and never got the chance to mingle and play with other kids that makes him ignorant to the outside world and his cognitive and social development was impeded.He feels unloved and emotionally detached from his own father. There is a part in the movie that Larry and Frank were talking about how to bail out Larry from his looseness addiction, his father mentioned that he will enter a gambling anonymous which means that Larry is in denial of his addiction in gambling thats why he should enter in a gambling anonymous. Hes scared of entering the real world. He is scared of getting a job because he may not be good at it. So he was involved in gambling and rationalizes to himself that it was because of what his father has always taught him.Helen is a permissive parent. She was undemanding and was so easy in them. She lacks control on her two children, Garry and Julie. As a result, Garry appears to be a very weird boy. He was quiet and shows very little concern about what her mother says. He has this mysterious paper bag that he keeps in his room. He wants to stay in his room all day and if he goes out, he locks his room and doesnt want anyone to enter his room. Helen wondered what is inside the paper so he opened Garrys room to look for the paper bag finding out that the paper bag was filled with porn movies.Helen showed a little disappointment but later on shows approval and rationalizes that it is normal for Garry to be curious about those things because Garry just entered puberty and he doesnt have a father to ask about those things. Another effect was shown by her daughter Julie. Julie was a enraged and curious girl. Julie wanted to be with his boyfriend, Tod, and ignores her mothers advice. She left their house and stayed with Tod. They even got married. Eventually, Julie returned home and went back to her mother, which shows how Julie was so dependent on her mothers company.After all, Helen still agreed to let Julie and Tod stay in her house and already accepts Tod as a part of their family. As shown in the movie, both Julie and Tod expresses unwanted behaviors these may be a way to repress their memories about the separation of their parents they focused on other things so that they can forget about that experience that surely affected them. Gil Buckman is another permissive father in this movie. There were so many problems that he encountered in this movie. First, he found out that his eldest son, Kevin, needs to transfer to a special school for special kids and need to undergo therapy.He rationalized that Kevin is just too keen thats why he seems not so normal compared to other kids. He covered up his anxiety of Kevin being not normal so he believes his own lie that Kevin is just too smart. At startle he disapproved to that opinion but eventually, he agreed upon seeing the behavior and reaction of Kevin to differen t situations (baseball and the lost retainer). Another problem that he encountered was his job because the partnership was given to another person which means that he will be liner a serious financial problem in his family.He was so frustrated and angry so when he went back home, he was arguing with his wife. He displaced his anger to his wife because even though he showed anger to his boss, still he cant put out all his anger to his boss. whence he found out that his wife, Karen, was pregnant. He was so frustrated about all of these problems but still he agreed on having a natal day party for Kevin. Kevin wanted to have a cowboy character that twists balloons on his birthday. Even though Gil knows that that will be expensive, he still agreed on hiring that cowboy character on Kevins birthday.When he found out that the cowboy will not make it to the party, he didnt want Kevin to be disappointed, so he dressed like a cowboy and performed at the party even though he looks silly. He cant disagree to his sons wishes that proves that he is a permissive parent even though he knows it will be hard for him, he makes sure that he will not disappoint his children. But his being permissive had a good effect on his children. Kevins emotional problem begins to improve. At first he questions his abilities on being a father to his children because of the burdens that he faced but eventually, he was still a good father then.

Confrontation

Cindy Xin Wang MBA 5500 Managing clash Writing Assignment 1 Mar. 25th, 2010 Confrontation Based on My Personal Experience Confrontation is never a pleasant process for both the one who conducts the action and the one who is confronted with. According to the textbook, crucial confrontation is outlined as face-to-face righteousness discussions with the aim to address and close the gap between expectations and actual performances. The gap is usually violated expectations, broken promises, or low performances.Confrontation is not a simple discussion but deals with an urgent high-steak issue. The differences between what was promised or expected and what actually happened are very common in real life. Most of the time, however, state try to avoid confronting others even though they want to hold someone accountable. They believe the action is either unnecessary or unaffordable. After the first lectures in this manakin, I began to realize that some confrontations do not necessarily to be unpleasant.Some confrontations could be very effective and utile in improving results and relationships if conducting well. in the first place confronting people, first, we need to analyze the consequences of either confronting or not confronting this person. Then we need to identify the real issue by unbundling with cardiac resuscitation (context, patter, and relation), and distill to a single sentence for the whole situation. Then we can make a decision on whether to confront this person or not. Also, to get the best confrontations, we need to avoid silence, violence, and hogs.This paper will discover a potential confrontation that has troubled me for quite a long time, and use the skills that I intimate in this class to control the situation and decide whether to conduct confrontation or not. The issue that bothers me for a long time is a grading divergency with a professor. I took that class year. I got 89. 6% of that class. Most of the students in that class were th e same major with me and weve know each other very well. The ca-ca that I disagree with is the intimacy points. The grading policy was the quality of the I thought I was misjudged asConfrontationCindy Xin Wang MBA 5500 Managing Confrontation Writing Assignment 1 Mar. 25th, 2010 Confrontation Based on My Personal Experience Confrontation is never a pleasant process for both the one who conducts the action and the one who is confronted with. According to the textbook, crucial confrontation is defined as face-to-face accountability discussions with the aim to address and close the gap between expectations and actual performances. The gap is usually violated expectations, broken promises, or poor performances.Confrontation is not a simple discussion but deals with an urgent high-steak issue. The differences between what was promised or expected and what actually happened are very common in real life. Most of the time, however, people try to avoid confronting others even though they wa nt to hold someone accountable. They believe the action is either unnecessary or unaffordable. After the first lectures in this class, I began to realize that some confrontations do not necessarily to be unpleasant.Some confrontations could be very effective and helpful in improving results and relationships if conducting well. Before confronting people, first, we need to analyze the consequences of either confronting or not confronting this person. Then we need to identify the real issue by unbundling with CPR (context, patter, and relation), and distill to a single sentence for the whole situation. Then we can make a decision on whether to confront this person or not. Also, to master confrontations, we need to avoid silence, violence, and hogs.This paper will discover a potential confrontation that has troubled me for quite a long time, and use the skills that I learned in this class to examine the situation and decide whether to conduct confrontation or not. The issue that bother s me for a long time is a grading discrepancy with a professor. I took that class year. I got 89. 6% of that class. Most of the students in that class were the same major with me and weve know each other very well. The score that I disagree with is the participation points. The grading policy was the quality of the I thought I was misjudged as

Greek Mask

The origin of masked theater dates back to Ancient Greece, between 550 BC and 220 BC. Initially masks were part of an annual festival consecrate to honoring Dionysus, the Grecian god of wine and fertility. The festival, named City Dionysia, was held in Athens and the most significant rituals involved masked performances. Inspired by City Dionysia, the Greek acting fraternity soon decided to incorporate the use of masks into theater. Thespis, a Greek actor and writer was the first recorded actor to wear a mask in a head for the hills.It is from him that we have derived the word, Thespian, a synonym for actor. Greek masks were made from light weight, organic materials such as stiffened linen, leather, wood or cork. The masks had exaggerated, distorted facial features which allowed the audience to clearly see what character was universe portrayed, whether it was a male, a female, a priest or a churl. The wideness of the mouths as well served as megaphone to amplify the actors voic es in a massive theater. The costumes and props used in Greek mansion differed according to the play and character being presented.A peasant would wear tog with a thin sole and a simple toga while a wealthy merchant would wear elevated platform shoes with colorful, embellished robe. If an actor had to play a female, then he would wear a mask with long hair and a chest device called a prosterniad to submit the illusion of breasts. Since Greek plays were only performed by a maximum of three men and a chorus of fifteen, they needful versatility to be able to switch seamlessly from act-to-act and character-to-character. Actors needed to be able perform in front of a large audience and have good memorization skills, effective body positioning and spacial awareness.A loud, clear voice and singing capabilities was also important. The job of the chorus was to narrate and reflect on the action of the play as well as being extras if needed. Two of the most influential types of plays inve nted by the Greeks were tragedies and comedies. Tragedies were serious plays based on mythology and most often depicted the downfall of a hero or heroine. tragical masks had mournful or pained expressions. The actors wore boots that elevated them above the actors to show status since the plays often involved depicting social hierarchy. Religious themes were more focused in tragedies while omedies were lighter in message and involved jokes, parodies and slapstick humor. Comedic masks had hugely distorted smiling or leering faces to convey mischievousness and hilarity. Today the cataclysm and comedy masks are renowned symbols of dramatic arts. Unfortunately, any physical evidence of a Greek mask has not survived and the only source of evidence is from artworks and compose accounts. There were several reasons why masks were incorporated in Greek drama. Masks allowed actors to easily play more than one character, especially since Greek drama had very a couple of(prenominal) actors ( no more than three men, excluding the chorus) in a play.The masks also allowed actors to portray animals and deities, and even female characters, since women were forbidden to act. Additionally, because the division between the stage and the audience of the theater was so vast, the exaggeration and noise amplification function of the masks allowed even the least-educated audience members to easily identify and hear the characters. The performance space itself was a large, open-air structure constructed on a specially chosen slope of a hill. The Greeks always performed in circular outdoor theaters to successfully project the voice of the actors to the immense number of spectators.Greek theatre is still considered to have one of the best stage acoustics, even compared to todays theaters. Theaters, such as the Theatre of Dionysus, were built to entertain an audience of up to twenty thousand. They consisted of three principal elements the skene, the orchestra and the theatron. The skene was a large rectangular building that served as an ancient equivalent of a backstage area. It was a place for the actors to alternate their costumes and masks and perform the killing scenes since it was considered to be inappropriate to depict a murder in front of an audience.The skene was also decorated to serve as a ground for the play, resulting in the English word scenery. Typically, there were at least two doors to allow the actors to exit and enter the skene and onto the orchestra. The orchestra was a flat semi-circular area where the performance or religious rites tool place. This was the stage where the actors performed on and were on average 25 meters wide in diameter. Some orchestras had an alter specially built for sacrifices dedicated to Dionysus. The theatron were the rows of tiered stones where the spectators sat.It was curved around the orchestra to allow the audience members to see and hear the play, even if they were at the very top. As Greek architecture contin ued to improve, the theaters became more rarify and introduced the parodoi, paraskenion, proskenion, hyposkenion and the episkenion to the skene. Today, all that is left of the original skene of many Greek theaters is an arch surrounding the proskenion, which inspired the proscenium arch. Although Greek theater is quite different to what we have through in drama, we can certainly relate the practice of Greek mask theater to what we have learned throughout our mask unit.Like the Greeks, we had to learn to exaggerate our endeavour (through body language, articulation, clocking and tension states) to ensure the audience understood our storyline. We also incorporated the use of costumes and status like the Greeks to make our plays easier to understand. Because the mask concealed facial expressions, everything depended on the body yet we had to learn how to prevent from talking with our hands. Very much like the Greek actors who unaccustomed to the mask, suffered disorientation and res triction when masked, knowledge to perform fluidly with the mask was one of the biggest challenges we faced.We definitely learned that mask work was not easy. It required skill, patience and practice to create a short play that would capture our audiences attention. In conclusion, Greek theater has certainly made a substantial impact on modern theater and drama. It is to the Greeks that we owe not only the first great plays of tragedy and comedy, but paved the pathway of mask theater, its acceptance in performing arts and of dramatic building and theory. Thanks to the Greeks, today we know mask work is a dramatic art form that has centuries of history and should be respected and preserved.

Beethoven 9th Symphony

Ludwig van van van Beethoven, great music composer, born in declination 17, 1770 in Bonn Germany, and died in March 26, 1827 in Vienna. He was interested in music at a very young age. He grew up in a family where his father was a musician but he had drinking problem, and his mother was gentle loving care per boy. Beethoven claimed his mother as his outstrip friend. When Beethoven took interest in music, his father taught him music day and night and how to play an instrument. He gave his offshoot concert when he was 6 years old. Without a doubt, the child was gifted and his father Johann envisioned creating a new Mozart, a child prodigy. The musical and teaching talents of Johann were limited therefore, he hired teachers and musicians composition by renowned musician such as Gottlob Neefe.In 1782, before the age of 12, Beethoven published his first work, 9 Variations in C Minor for piano on a march by Earnst Christoph Dressler. The following year, in 1783, Neefe wrote in the Magazi ne of Music, about his student. If he continues like this, he will be, without a doubt, the new Mozart. His mum passed away on July 17th 1787 only five year after this. Beethoven felt that he was responsible of his two brothers because of irresponsible drunk father.He started earning notes by playing instrument in orchestra and giving music lessons. In 1792, Beethoven start working under Austrian wonderful composer Joseph Hyden in Vienna. By the 1800s his compositions established him Mozart successor. He had an amazing currier as composer and pianist. He composed, he wrote music for himself. Sadly, when he started to lose his hearing his musical style changed but thus far he created some of his amazing masterpieces. From 1802 to 1814 he composed some masterpieces like Appassionata Sonata, and his only opera Fidelio.In 1815 when his brother died he had to adopt his brothers son and dealing with all the legal matters affected his work to slow down tremendously. His nephew wasnt tal ented in music like himself as he hoped for. Unfortunately, by 1819 he was completely deaf but his composing was not at all. He composed quite of few symphonies including his 9th symphonic music after losing his hearing. The only variance was he start to compose for others.Beethovens 9th symphony 4th movement is very important because it is the longest (over 1 hour), and the largest (by instrumentation) symphony ever written at its time, and still today one of the longest ever. It tookBeethoven to complete six years to finish the symphony and it was finished in 1824. It is famously known as Ode to blessedness. It premiered on Friday, May 7, in the Karntnerthortheater in Vienna. Another important fact about Symphony No 9th and 4th movement is Beethoven was the first composer to include the human voice at the same level as the instruments.Beethoven had long been completely deaf when he composed it, but still conducted the premiere performance back then. When the piece ended, Beetho ven, being deaf, was still conducting, the soprano soloist turned him around to accept his applause. Beethovens Ode to Joy was adopted as the European National hymn in 1972. Its text written by An Die Freude.Instrumentation for the symphony was the largest of back then. The performing forces required and how they are used Beethovens 9th symphony 4th movement has the largest forces by instrumentation at its time and still to this day it is the longest symphony.Orchestra had these forces Woodwinds are Piccolo (fourth movement only), 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets in A, B-flat and C, 2 Bassoons, Contra mysteriousoon (fourth movement only). Brass 2 Horns (1 and 2) in D and B-flat, 2 Horns (3 and 4) in B-flat (bass), B-flat and E-flat, 2 Trumpets in D and B-flat, 3 Trombones (alto, tenor, and bass fourth movements only).Percussion Timpani, Bass drum (fourth movement only), Triangle (fourth movement only), Cymbals (fourth movement only). Voices ( fourth movement only) Soprano solo, Alto s olo, Tenor solo, Baritone solo, SATB Choir (Tenor before long divides). Strings Violins I, II, Violas, Cellos, Double basses.Beethovens original idea was to make 9th symphony subservient but his desire to put human voice into the symphony did not come until the fourth movement. As to the finale he had sketched an instrumental fourth Movement that he decided to gratify his lifelong desire to set Schillers Ode to Joy to music. Beethoven selected only certain verses from Schillers Ode, and even altered the order of these, thus affirming his right to exercise his own judgment and single out only that which meet his. It had no less than three different choral groups combine into one fiercely profound powerhouse of sound.There was a conflict about the form of Beethovens final movement on 9th symphony. He found it difficult to suddenly introduce a chorus of voices after a long instrumental symphony it was simply out of place.Briefly, the movement begins with an outraged, confused, flurr y of sound then a restatement of the prior three movements, each interrupted and rejected by instrumental recitative. If we go little bit more in detail in the beginning flurry of instruments (dissonant too) than the cellos and basses play dramatic recitative. It follows themes from the three prior movements plays but pronto basses and cellos interrupts. Now, new theme begins but hesitant.Again, minor protest from the bases and cellos. Other instruments join in, which lead to a triumphant statement of the theme in D Major. Beethoven replays the opening of the finale. This time, though, the human voice replaces the cello and basses. The human voice is solo baritone voice. Then exquisite choral-orchestral exposition on Schillers Ode to Joy engages in four stanzas. Then Turkish March takes the lead like hero marching to victory. This march then leads to a long orchestral interlude, then to a fugue on two themes. This leads to a an overpowering full orchestral-choral development.A disp lay of the male and female choruses is sung in an almost meditative, prayer-like way, starting from Seid umschlungen Millionen, or Be embraced, all ye Millions As for the ending, I think David Wright puts it the right way ponders the mystery and beauty of divine grace. Then everybody goes all-out to the joyous and thrilling close.